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<Text-field style="_cstyle1" layout="_pstyle1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\270sning af Differentialligninger</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle2" layout="_pstyle2">Preben Alsholm, 10/3 2006</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Maple kan l\303\270se ordin\303\246re differentialligninger, s\303\245vel som systemer af differentialligninger, symbolsk eller numerisk. </Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">I en differentialligning, hvor den ubekendte funktion hedder </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> og den uafh\303\246ngige variable hedder </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">t</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">, er der tradition for at udelade </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">t</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">'et i </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x(t)</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> og kun skrive </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">, som i f\303\270lgende eksempel: </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle5"><Font style="_cstyle6"> </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">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</Equation></Text-field>
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<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">I Maple skal </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">altid</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> skrives </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x(t)</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">.  Ovenst\303\245ende differentialligning skrives derfor s\303\245ledes i Maple</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle7" layout="_pstyle6">diff( x(t), t) +2*x(t)/(1+t) = sin(t)</Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"> </Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle8" layout="_pstyle7"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eksakt l\303\270sning af differentialligning</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L4" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Differentialligningsl\303\270seren hedder </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">dsolve. </Font><Font style="_cstyle3">Vi giver tre eksempler</Font><Font style="_cstyle9">:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle10" layout="_pstyle8">Eksempel 1</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L5" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi betragter en line\303\246r differentialligning af f\303\270rste orden, som vi selv kan l\303\270se vha. Panserformlen. Men her bruger vi Maple:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L6" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">ligning1:=diff( x(t),t) +2*x(t)/(1+t)=sin(t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L7" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning findes s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L10" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">dsolve(ligning1); </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L11" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Ved tilf\303\270jelsen </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">useInt</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> bruges inaktiv integration (alts\303\245 </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">Int</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">). Derved f\303\245s et mellemresultat:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L12" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">dsolve(ligning1,useInt); </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L13" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">Man ser Panserformlen i brug. Udregningen af integralerne sker ved </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">value</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L14" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">value(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L15" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Er der foruden differentialligningen ogs\303\245 givet en begyndelsesbetingelse, eksempelvis  </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">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</Equation><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">,  s\303\245 g\303\270res som f\303\270lger:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Text-field style="_cstyle10" layout="_pstyle8"></Text-field>
<Group labelreference="L16" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">L:=dsolve( {ligning1, x(Pi/2)=2 }); </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L17" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Ogs\303\245 her kan man bruge </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">useInt</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">:</Font><Font style="_cstyle5"> </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L18" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">dsolve( {ligning1, x(Pi/2)=2},useInt); </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L19" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\270sningen kan (og b\303\270r!) kontrolleres ved inds\303\246ttelse i ligningen:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">subs( L, ligning1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L20" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">simplify(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L21" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Kontrol kan ogs\303\245 ske vha. proceduren </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">odetest. </Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Kommer der et nul som output, er l\303\270sningen korrekt (if\303\270lge Maple):</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L22" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">odetest(L,ligning1); </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L23" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">\303\230nskes l\303\270sningen defineret som en funktion kaldet </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">f</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">, kan man g\303\270re \303\251t af to: </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">(1) Lave h\303\270jresiden af </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">L</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> til en funktion af </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">t</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f:=unapply( rhs(L), t); </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L24" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Lad os afpr\303\270ve funktionen:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L25" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f(Pi/2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L26" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">simplify(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L27" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">(2) Den anden metode til definition af </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">f</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> ser lidt mere uigennemskuelig ud, men id\303\251en er god at bide m\303\246rke i:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L28" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f:=unapply( subs(L,x(t)), t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L29" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi skal senere se, at en lignende syntaks er nyttig ved numerisk l\303\270sning af differentialligninger.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle10" layout="_pstyle8">Eksempel 2</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L30" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Det f\303\270rste eksempel var en line\303\246r differentialligning. Vi tager nu en simpel uline\303\246r differentialligning. Betragt for t &gt; 0 f\303\270lgende differentialligning:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L31" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">ligning2:=diff(x(t),t)=3/2/t*(x(t)-x(t)^(1/3));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L32" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">imp:=dsolve(ligning2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L33" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">odetest(imp,ligning2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L34" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Vi ser, at den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til denne separable differentialligning blev givet p\303\245 implicit form, og at </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">odetest</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> kan kontrollere implicit givne l\303\270sninger. Bem\303\246rk i\303\270vrigt, at l\303\270sningen </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x(t) = 0</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> (for alle </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">t</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">) ikke blev fundet. Ved tilf\303\270jelsen </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">explicit</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> f\303\245s l\303\270sningerne p\303\245 eksplicit form:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L35" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">eksp:=dsolve(ligning2, explicit);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L36" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">I dette tilf\303\246lde er det dog s\303\245 som s\303\245 med det eksplicitte.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\270ses et begyndelsesv\303\246rdiproblem kommer l\303\270sningen altid p\303\245 eksplicit form - men evt. ved brug af RootOf-notationen:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L37" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">dsolve({ligning2, x(1)=8});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle10" layout="_pstyle8">Eksempel 3</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L38" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Som vores n\303\246ste eksempel tager vi en line\303\246r andenordens differentialligning.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L39" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">ligning3:=t*diff(x(t),t,t) - (2*t+1)*diff(x(t),t) + (t+1)*x(t) = 2*t^2*exp(t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L40" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning f\303\245s ved </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">dsolve</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> som ovenfor:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">dsolve(ligning3);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L41" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">hvor </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">_C1</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> og </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">_C2</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> er arbitr\303\246re konstanter. \303\230nsker vi den partikul\303\246re l\303\270sning, der opfylder begyndelsesbetingelserne  </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x(1) = e</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">  og  </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x'(1) = e</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">  skriver vi: </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">q:=dsolve({ligning3, x(1) = exp(1) , D(x)(1) = exp(1)});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L42" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">idet vi erindrer, at </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">exp(1)</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> skal bruges for </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">e</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">. L\303\270sningen som funktion f\303\245s som i f\303\270rste eksempel ovenfor enten ved:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f:= unapply( rhs(q), t);  </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L43" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">eller ved</Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L44" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f:=unapply( subs(q,x(t)), t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L45" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\270sning af randv\303\246rdiproblemer lader sig ogs\303\245 g\303\270re:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L46" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">dsolve({ligning3, x(1) = exp(1) , x(3) = 0});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L47" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle8" layout="_pstyle7"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Numerisk l\303\270sning af differentialligning</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L48" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Maple kan l\303\270se b\303\245de begyndelsesv\303\246rdiproblemer og randv\303\246rdiproblemer numerisk.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Hvis vi \303\270nsker en numerisk beregning af l\303\270sningen, tilf\303\270jer vi </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">type= numeric</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> (eller blot </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">numeric</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">) som et ekstra argument i </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">dsolve</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">-kommandoen. </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi tager som f\303\270rste eksempel begyndelsesv\303\246rdiproblemet best\303\245ende af differentialligningen</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"> </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L49" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">ligning4:=diff(x(t),t)=sqrt(1+x(t)^3)*sin(t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L50" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">med  </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">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</Equation><Font style="_cstyle3">.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Maple's svar kan f\303\245s p\303\245 to former, enten som en </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">listprocedure</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> eller som en </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">procedurelist</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">. </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">Vi anbefaler </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">listprocedure</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">, s\303\245 kun den metode omtales nedenfor.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L51" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Lp:=dsolve({ligning4, x(Pi/2) =0} , type=numeric, output=listprocedure);</Text-field>
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<Input>
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<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle5">Lp</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> er hermed en liste best\303\245ende af procedurer (h\303\251r 2). Det er den sidste af disse, der er vores numeriske l\303\270sning. Den f\303\245s meget elegant som en funktion (en procedure) som f\303\270lger:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f:=subs(Lp, x(t)); </Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L53" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f(2);</Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L54" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">Procedurerne i output-listen fra </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">dsolve/numeric/listprocedure</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">  returnerer uevalueret, hvis input ikke er et tal. Det g\303\270r, at vores procedure </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">f</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> returnerer uevalueret i f\303\270lgende to tilf\303\246lde:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L55" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">f(h),f(t);</Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L56" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Det er en afgjort fordel ved plotning, idet vi da er fri til at benytte b\303\245de syntaksen plot( f(t), t=a..b); og den variabelfri: plot( f, a..b);</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L57" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">plot(f(t),t=0..3*Pi);</Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L58" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">Der findes i </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">plots</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">-pakken en s\303\246rlig procedure indrettet specielt p\303\245 plotning af resultatet af </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">dsolve</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">, </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">numeric</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">. Den kaldes </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">odeplot. </Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Den foruds\303\246tter ikke, at man f\303\270rst har defineret l\303\270sningen som en funktion:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">with(plots): </Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L59" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">odeplot(Lp,[t,x(t)],t=0..3*Pi); </Text-field>
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<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle9">odeplot</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> kan ogs\303\245 plotte funktioner af l\303\270sningen. Her plotter vi den numeriske v\303\246rdi af </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">x(t)</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> som funktion af </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">t</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Group labelreference="L60" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">odeplot(Lp,[t,abs(x(t))],t=0..3*Pi,numpoints=100);</Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L61" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Tilf\303\270jes et valgfrit argument af formen </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">frames=positivt helt tal</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> f\303\245s en animation (en tegnefilm) som i f\303\270lgende eksempel:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L62" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">odeplot(Lp,[t,x(t)],t=0..5*Pi,frames=50);</Text-field>
</Input>
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</Section>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle8" layout="_pstyle7">DEtools-pakken</Text-field></Title>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">Pakken </Font><Font style="_cstyle9">DEtools</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> indeholder forskelligt af interesse. Vi tager ligning4 som eksempel:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">with(DEtools):</Text-field>
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<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">Vi minder om systemet:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L65" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">ligning4;</Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L66" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle9">DEplot</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> tegner l\303\270sninger, n\303\245r den f\303\245r differentialligningen og begyndelsesbetingelserne. Begyndelsesbetingelserne gives i en liste (eller m\303\246ngde) af lister p\303\245 formen [ [x(t0) = x0], [x(t1) = y1], ....]. I eksemplet nedenfor tegnes den tidligere sete l\303\270sning plus \303\251n mere. Desuden tegnes h\303\246ldningsfeltet med mindre man tilf\303\270jer </Font><Font style="_cstyle5">arrows=none</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">DEplot( ligning4, x, t=0..3*Pi, [ [x(Pi/2)=0], [x(Pi/2)=1] ],linecolor=[blue,maroon], stepsize=0.1);</Text-field>
</Input>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vil man kun have h\303\246ldningsfeltet, kan man fjerne begyndelsesv\303\246rdilisten, men m\303\245 s\303\245 tilf\303\270je et x-interval:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L68" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">DEplot( ligning4, x, t=0..3*Pi,x=-1..5, color=grey, arrows=large);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L69" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">pile:=%:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L70" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">En animation af banekurverne kan laves p\303\245 f\303\270lgende m\303\245de, hvor vi bruger pilebilledet som fast baggrund:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L71" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">animate(DEplot,[ligning4, x, t=0..T, [ [x(Pi/2)=0], [x(Pi/2)=1] ],linecolor=[blue,maroon], stepsize=0.1,arrows=none], T=1..3*Pi,background=pile);</Text-field>
</Input>
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<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4"></Text-field>
</Input>
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</Section>
<Text-field style="_cstyle8" layout="_pstyle7"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle8" layout="_pstyle7"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_pstyle9" layout="_pstyle9"></Text-field>
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