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<Input>
<Text-field style="Title" layout="Title"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Line\303\246re differentialligninger af 2. orden</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Author" layout="Author">Preben Alsholm 14/8 2007</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi betragter i kurset kun line\303\246re differentialligninger med </Font><Font style="_cstyle256">konstante</Font> koefficienter. </Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi har dog alligevel medtaget et eksempel p\303\245 en line\303\246r differentialligning med variable koefficienter (eksempel 4). </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Medtaget er ogs\303\245 et eksempel p\303\245 en uline\303\246r differentialligning af 2. orden (pendulligningen).</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L3" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">with(plots): with(plottools):</Text-field>
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<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Karakterligningen</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L4" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">xligning:=a*diff(x(t),t,t)+b*diff(x(t),t)+c*x(t)=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L5" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">subs( x(t)=exp(R*t), xligning);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L6" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">factor(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L221" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">I DEtools-pakken ligger <Font mathsize="12" fontweight="bold" mathvariant="bold" bold="true" mathbackground="[255,255,255]" mathcolor="[0,0,0]" fontfamily="Times New Roman">de2diffop</Font><Font mathsize="12" mathvariant="normal" mathbackground="[255,255,255]" encoding="UTF-8" mathcolor="[0,0,0]" fontfamily="Times New Roman"> der kan levere karakterpolynomiet s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L7" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">DEtools[de2diffop](xligning,x(t),[R,t]);</Text-field>
</Input>
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</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eksempel 1 To reelle r\303\270dder i karakterpolynomiet</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L8" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">En homogen ligning:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L9" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning1:=2*diff(x(t),t,t)+7*diff(x(t),t)-4*x(t)=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L10" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til denne homogene ligning ved brug af </Font><Font bold="true">dsolve</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L11" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L223" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Mellemregning:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Karakterpolynomiet er</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L222" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">DEtools[de2diffop](ligning1,x(t),[R,t]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L225" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">der har r\303\270dderne</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L224" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">solve(%=0,R);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L12" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">En inhomogen ligning:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L13" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning1i:=2*diff(x(t),t,t)+7*diff(x(t),t)-4*x(t)=-4*t^2+14*t+8;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L14" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til denne inhomogene ligning ved brug af </Font><Font bold="true">dsolve</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L15" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning1i);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L16" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Er der givet begyndelsesbetingelserne x(0) = 1, x'(0) = -1, kan l\303\270sningen bestemmes ved brug af </Font><Font bold="true">dsolve</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L17" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">res:=dsolve({ligning1i,x(0)=1,D(x)(0)=-1});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L18" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi gemmer h\303\270jresiden i variablen X (stort!):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L19" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">X:=subs(res,x(t));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L20" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot(X,t=-1/2..1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L21" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Et faseplansplot af l\303\270sningen er et plot af kurven  (x(t), x'(t) ):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L22" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">Xm:=diff(X,t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L23" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">p1:=plot([[1,-1]],style=point,symbol=circle,symbolsize=20,color=blue):
p2:=plot([X,Xm,t=-1/2..2],labels=[&quot;x&quot;,&quot;x'&quot;],title=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;):
display(p1,p2);</Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L24" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Faseplansplottet animeret:</Text-field>
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</Group>
<Group labelreference="L25" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">animate(plot,[[X,Xm,t=-1/2..T],labels=[&quot;x&quot;,&quot;x'&quot;],caption=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;],T=-1/2..2,background=p1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L26" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Samme ved simuleret h\303\245ndkraft</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L27" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst skal karakterligningen nedskrives:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L28" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">karlign:=DEtools[de2diffop](ligning1,x(t),[lambda,t])=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L29" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">S\303\245 skal karakterligningen l\303\270ses:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L30" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">lambda1,lambda2:=solve(karlign,lambda);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L31" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til den homogene ligning er nu, hvor r\303\270dderne er reelle og forskellige:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L32" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">fuldhom:=c1*exp(lambda1*t)+c2*exp(lambda2*t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L33" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Ansats til partikul\303\246r l\303\270sning til den inhomogene ligning</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L34" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">xp:=a*t^2+b*t+c;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L35" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi inds\303\246tter i den inhomogene ligning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L36" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">subs(x(t)=xp,ligning1i);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L37" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">%;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L38" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">collect(%,t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L39" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Dette skal v\303\246re en identitet i t, dvs. at ligningen skal g\303\246lde for alle t:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L40" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">solve(identity(%,t),{a,b,c});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L41" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Hermed er en partikul\303\246r l\303\270sning til den inhomogene differentialligning givet ved</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L42" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">xpkonk:=subs(%,xp);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L43" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til den inhomogene ligning er dermed givet ved</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L44" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">fuldinhom:=x(t)=xpkonk+fuldhom;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L45" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Er der givet begyndelsesbetingelserne x(0) = 1, x'(0) = -1, kan l\303\270sningen bestemmes ved brug af simuleret h\303\245ndkraft s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst inds\303\246t t = 0 og x(0) = 1 i formlen for x(t):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L46" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L1:=subs(t=0,x(0)=1,fuldinhom);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L47" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L1;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L48" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Differenti\303\251r derefter udtrykket for x(t):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L49" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">diff(fuldinhom,t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L50" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Det er i det f\303\270lgende en fordel at bruge D:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L51" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">convert(%,D);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L52" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Inds\303\246t t = 0 og x'(0) = -1:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L53" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L2:=subs(t=0,D(x)(0)=-1,%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L54" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L2;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L55" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\270s nu ligningerne L1 og L2 for c1 og c2:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L56" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">solve({L1,L2},{c1,c2});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L57" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Inds\303\246t de fundne c-v\303\246rdier i den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L58" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">subs(%,fuldinhom);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L59" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Eksempel 2 En reel dobbeltrod i karakterpolynomiet</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L60" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst en homogen ligning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L61" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning2:=diff(x(t),t,t)+4*diff(x(t),t)+4*x(t)=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L62" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L63" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L64" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">En inhomogen ligning:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L65" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning2i:=diff(x(t),t,t)+4*diff(x(t),t)+4*x(t)=10*exp(-t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L66" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L67" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning2i);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L68" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Er der givet begyndelsesbetingelserne  x(0) = -2, x'(0) = 0, kan l\303\270sningen bestemmes s\303\245ledes</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L69" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">res:=dsolve({ligning2i,x(0)=-2, D(x)(0)=0});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L70" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi gemmer h\303\270jresiden i variablen X (stort!):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L71" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">X:=subs(res,x(t));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L72" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot(X,t=-0.4..6);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L73" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Et faseplansplot af l\303\270sningen er et plot af kurven  (x(t), x'(t) ):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L74" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">Xm:=diff(X,t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L75" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">p1:=plot([[-2,0]],style=point,symbol=circle,symbolsize=20,color=blue):
p2:=plot([X,Xm,t=-0.4..6],labels=[&quot;x&quot;,&quot;x'&quot;],title=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;):
display(p1,p2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L76" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Faseplansplottet animeret:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L77" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">animate(plot,[[X,Xm,t=-0.4..T],labels=[&quot;x&quot;,&quot;x'&quot;],caption=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;],T=-0.4..6,frames=50,background=p1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L78" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Simuleret h\303\245ndkraft</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L79" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst skal karakterligningen nedskrives:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L80" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">karlign:=DEtools[de2diffop](ligning2,x(t),[lambda,t])=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L81" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">S\303\245 skal karakterligningen l\303\270ses:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L82" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">lambda1,lambda2:=solve(karlign,lambda);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L83" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi ser, at der er en reel dobbeltrod. Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til den homogene ligning er nu:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L84" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">fuldhom:=c1*exp(lambda1*t)+c2*t*exp(lambda1*t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L85" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Ansats til partikul\303\246r l\303\270sning til den inhomogene ligning</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L86" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">xp:=a*exp(-t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L87" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi inds\303\246tter i den inhomogene ligning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L88" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">subs(x(t)=xp,ligning2i);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L89" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">%;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L90" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Dette skal v\303\246re en identitet i t, dvs. at ligningen skal g\303\246lde for alle t:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L91" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">solve(identity(%,t),{a});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L92" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Hermed er en partikul\303\246r l\303\270sning til den inhomogene differentialligning givet ved</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L93" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">xpkonk:=subs(%,xp);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L94" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til den inhomogene ligning er dermed givet ved</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L95" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">fuldinhom:=x(t)=xpkonk+fuldhom;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L96" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Er der givet begyndelsesbetingelserne  x(0) = -2, x'(0) = 0, kan l\303\270sningen bestemmes ved brug af simuleret h\303\245ndkraft s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst inds\303\246t t = 0 og x(0) = -2 i formlen for x(t):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L97" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L1:=subs(t=0,x(0)=-2,fuldinhom);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L98" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L1;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L99" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Differenti\303\251r derefter udtrykket for x(t):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L100" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">diff(fuldinhom,t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L101" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Det er i det f\303\270lgende en fordel at bruge D:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L102" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">convert(%,D);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L103" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Inds\303\246t t = 0 og x'(0) = 0:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L104" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L2:=subs(t=0,D(x)(0)=0,%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L105" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L2;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L106" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\270s nu ligningerne L1 og L2 for c1 og c2:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L107" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">solve({L1,L2},{c1,c2});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L108" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Inds\303\246t de fundne c-v\303\246rdier i den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L109" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">subs(%,fuldinhom);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L110" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eksempel 3 To imagin\303\246re r\303\270dder i karakterpolynomiet</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L111" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">En homogen differentialligning</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L112" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning3:=diff(x(t),t,t)+4*diff(x(t),t)+13*x(t)=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L113" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L114" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning3);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L115" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">En inhomogen differentialligning:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L116" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning3i:=diff(x(t),t,t)+4*diff(x(t),t)+13*x(t)=4*cos(t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L117" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L118" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning3i);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L119" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Med begyndelsesbetingelserne x(0) = 1, x'(0) = 2:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L120" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">res:=dsolve({ligning3i,x(0)=1,D(x)(0)=2});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L121" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi gemmer h\303\270jresiden i variablen X (stort!):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L122" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">X:=subs(res,x(t));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L123" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot(X,t=0..20);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L124" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Et faseplansplot af l\303\270sningen er et plot af kurven  (x(t), x'(t) ):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L125" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">Xm:=diff(X,t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L126" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">p1:=plot([[1,2]],style=point,symbol=circle,symbolsize=20,color=blue):
p2:=plot([X,Xm,t=0..20],labels=[&quot;x&quot;,&quot;x'&quot;],caption=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;,scaling=constrained):
display(p1,p2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L127" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Faseplansplottet animeret:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L128" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">animate(plot,[[X,Xm,t=0..T],labels=[&quot;x&quot;,&quot;x'&quot;],caption=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;],T=0..20,frames=100,background=p1,scaling=constrained);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L129" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Simuleret h\303\245ndkraft</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L130" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst skal karakterligningen nedskrives:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L131" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">karlign:=DEtools[de2diffop](ligning3,x(t),[lambda,t])=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L132" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">S\303\245 skal karakterligningen l\303\270ses:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L133" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">lambda1,lambda2:=solve(karlign,lambda);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L134" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi ser, at der er 2 imagin\303\246re r\303\270dder, og at de er hinandens kompleks konjugerede. Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til den homogene ligning er nu:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L135" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">fuldhom:=c1*Re(exp(lambda1*t))+c2*Im(exp(lambda1*t)) assuming t::real;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L136" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Ansats til partikul\303\246r l\303\270sning til den inhomogene ligning</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L137" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">xp:=a*cos(t)+b*sin(t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L138" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi inds\303\246tter i den inhomogene ligning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L139" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">subs(x(t)=xp,ligning3i);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L140" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">%;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L141" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">collect(%,[cos(t),sin(t)]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L142" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Dette skal v\303\246re en identitet i t, dvs. at ligningen skal g\303\246lde for alle t:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L143" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">solve(identity(%,t),{a,b});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L144" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Hermed er en partikul\303\246r l\303\270sning til den inhomogene differentialligning givet ved</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L145" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">xpkonk:=subs(%,xp);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L146" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning til den inhomogene ligning er dermed givet ved</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L147" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">fuldinhom:=x(t)=xpkonk+fuldhom;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L148" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Er der givet begyndelsesbetingelserne  x(0) = 1, x'(0) = 2, kan l\303\270sningen bestemmes ved brug af simuleret h\303\245ndkraft s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst inds\303\246t t = 0 og x(0) = 1 i formlen for x(t):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L149" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L1:=subs(t=0,x(0)=1,fuldinhom);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L150" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L1;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L151" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Hermed er c1 jo faktisk bestemt.</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Differenti\303\251r derefter udtrykket for x(t):</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L152" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">diff(fuldinhom,t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L153" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Det er i det f\303\270lgende en fordel at bruge D:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L154" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">convert(%,D);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L155" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Inds\303\246t t = 0 og x'(0) = 2:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L156" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L2:=subs(t=0,D(x)(0)=2,%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L157" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L2;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L158" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\270s nu ligningerne L1 og L2 for c1 og c2:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L159" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">solve({L1,L2},{c1,c2});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L160" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Inds\303\246t de fundne c-v\303\246rdier i den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L161" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">subs(%,fuldinhom);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L162" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Eksempel 4 En differentialligning med variable koefficienter</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L163" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Differentialligninger med ikke-konstante koefficienter har ofte l\303\270sninger, der ikke kan udtrykkes ved de element\303\246re funktioner.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Lad <Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElJm51O0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8"> v\303\246re et reelt tal. Differentialligningen</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L164" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning4:=t^2*diff(x(t),t,t)+t*diff(x(t),t)+(t^2-nu^2)*x(t)=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L165" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">kaldes Bessels differentialligning. L\303\270sningerne er givet ved Besselfunktioner:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L166" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning4);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L167" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot([seq(BesselJ(k,t),k=0..5)],t=0..10,legend=[seq(&quot;BesselJ&quot;||k,k=0..5)]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L168" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot([seq(BesselY(k,t),k=0..5)],t=0..10,-2..0.6,legend=[seq(&quot;BesselY&quot;||k,k=0..5)]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L169" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Maple ved en del om Besselfunktioner:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L170" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">FunctionAdvisor(BesselJ);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L171" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eksempel 5 En uline\303\246r differentialligning af 2. orden (pendulet)</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L172" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Matematisk pendul. <Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoJnRoZXRhO0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=</Equation> er udsvinget fra lodret stilling.</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Newtons anden lov:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L173" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">m*diff(L*theta(t),t,t)=-m*g*sin(theta(t));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L174" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi s\303\246tter </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">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</Equation> . Dermed har vi:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L175" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning5:=diff(theta(t),t,t)=-k^2*sin(theta(t));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L176" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning kommer ikke p\303\245 noget, der blot tiln\303\246rmelsesvis ligner eksplicit form:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L177" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve(ligning5);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L178" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi fors\303\270ger alligevel at at finde den l\303\270sning, der svarer til at pendulet starter med et udsving p\303\245 30 grader fra lodlinien. Vi s\303\246tter k til 1:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L179" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">dsolve({subs(k=1,ligning5),theta(0)=Pi/6,D(theta)(0)=0});</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L180" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">value([%]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L181" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Det er nok en bedre id\303\251 at l\303\270se differentialligningen numerisk:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L182" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">res:=dsolve({subs(k=1,ligning5),theta(0)=Pi/6,D(theta)(0)=0},type=numeric,output=listprocedure,range=0..20);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L183" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Vi gemmer den procedure, der beregner vinklen <Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoJnRoZXRhO0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=</Equation> i Theta, og den der beregner vinkelhastigheden <Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">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</Equation> gemmer vi i Thetam:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L184" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">Theta,Thetam:=op(subs(res,[theta(t),diff(theta(t),t)]));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L185" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot(Theta,0..20,title=&quot;Vinkeludsving som funktion af tiden&quot;);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L186" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Et faseplansplot af l\303\270sningen:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L187" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">p1:=plot([[Pi/6,0]],style=point,symbol=circle,symbolsize=20,color=blue):
p2:=plot([Theta,Thetam,0..20],title=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;,scaling=constrained):
display(p1,p2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L188" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Faseplansplottet animeret:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L189" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">animate(plot,[[Theta,Thetam,0..T],title=&quot;Faseplansplot&quot;],T=0..7,frames=50,scaling=constrained,view=[-0.6..0.6,-0.6..0.6],background=p1);
</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L190" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L191" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Her f\303\270lger s\303\245 en animering af pendulet, hvor vi af hensyn til senere \303\246ndringer har taget alt med:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L192" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">T0:=20: N:=150:
theta0:=Pi/6:
thetam0:=0:
vw:=[-1..1,-1.2..0]:
res:=dsolve({subs(k=1,ligning5),theta(0)=theta0,D(theta)(0)=thetam0},type=numeric,output=listprocedure,range=0..T0):
Theta:=subs(res,theta(t)):
TS:=seq(Theta(T0*j/N)-Pi/2,j=0..N):
pp1:=seq(disk([cos(TS[j]),sin(TS[j])],.1,color=red),j=1..N+1):
pp2:=seq(plot([[0,0],[1,TS[j]]],coords=polar,view=vw,thickness=2),j=1..N+1):
pp:=seq(display(pp1[j],pp2[j]),j=1..N+1):
display(pp,insequence=true,scaling=constrained);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L193" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">I ovenst\303\245ende program kan man blot \303\246ndre T0, N, theta0, thetam0 og vw.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L194" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Det hele kan lidt mere bekvemt indpakkes i en procedure:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L195" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">pendul:=proc(theta0::realcons,thetam0::realcons,T0::positive,N::posint,vw::list(range))
local res,Theta,TS,pp1,pp2,pp;
global k,ligning5,theta,t;
   res:=dsolve({subs(k=1,ligning5),theta(0)=theta0,D(theta)(0)=thetam0},
      type=numeric,output=listprocedure,range=0..T0);
   Theta:=subs(res,theta(t));
   TS:=seq(Theta(T0*j/N)-Pi/2,j=0..N);
   pp1:=seq(disk([cos(TS[j]),sin(TS[j])],.1,color=red),j=1..N+1);
   pp2:=seq(plot([[0,0],[1,TS[j]]],coords=polar,view=vw,thickness=2),j=1..N+1);
   pp:=seq(display(pp1[j],pp2[j]),j=1..N+1);
   display(pp,insequence=true,scaling=constrained)
end proc;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L196" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi afpr\303\270ver proceduren med et startudsving p\303\245 45 grader, en vinkelhastighed p\303\245 0, en sluttid p\303\245 20, med antal billeder lig 100 og med vindue givet ved intervallerne [-1..1,-1.2..0]:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L197" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">pendul(Pi/4,0,20,100,[-1..1,-1.2..0]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L198" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Med st\303\270rre udsving (90 grader) til at begynde med:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L199" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">pendul(Pi/2,0,20,150,[-1.2..1.2,-1.2..0.1]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L200" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Startudsving t\303\246t p\303\245 180 grader:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L201" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">pendul(3,0,40,300,[-1.2..1.2,-1.2..1.2]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L202" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Startudsving 180 grader, men positiv begyndelseshastighed stor nok til at rotere rundt:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L203" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">pendul(3,-.145,40,300,[-1.2..1.2,-1.2..1.2]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L204" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eksempel 1 som system af 2 differentialligninger af f\303\270rste orden</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L205" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">En differentialligning af 2. orden kan omskrives til et system af 2 differentialligninger af f\303\270rste orden. Id\303\251en er den enkle, at indf\303\270re x'(t) som en ny ubekendt f.eks. ben\303\246vnt y(t) som i eksemplet nedenfor.</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L206" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">with(LinearAlgebra):</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L207" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ligning1:=2*diff(x(t),t,t)+7*diff(x(t),t)-4*x(t)=0;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L208" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L1:=diff(x(t),t)=y(t);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L209" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Vi erstatter x'(t) med y(t) i ligning1:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L210" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">L2:=subs(diff(x(t),t)=y(t),ligning1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L211" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal">Det nye system er nu:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L212" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">sys:=[L1,isolate(L2,diff(y(t),t))];</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L213" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Nu kan systemet l\303\270ses som vi tidligere har gjort vha. egenv\303\246rdierne og egenvektorerne for matricen A givet ved</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L214" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">A:=Matrix([[0,1],[2,-7/2]]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L215" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">CharacteristicPolynomial(A,lambda);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L216" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">EV,P:=Eigenvectors(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L217" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den fuldst\303\246ndige l\303\270sning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L218" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">c1*exp(EV[1]*t)&amp;*Column(P,1)+c2*exp(EV[2]*t)&amp;*Column(P,2): %=eval(%,`&amp;*`=`*`);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L219" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L220" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Normal" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">De andre eksempler ovenfor kan p\303\245 ganske tilsvarende m\303\245de omkrives til systemer af differentialligninger af f\303\270rste orden.</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
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</Worksheet>