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<Text-field style="_cstyle1" layout="_pstyle1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Line\303\246r Algebra 3</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle2" layout="_pstyle2">Preben Alsholm, 15/8 2007</Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">restart;</Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">with(LinearAlgebra): </Text-field>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle5" layout="_pstyle5">Determinanter</Text-field></Title>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle6" layout="_pstyle6">Determinantens definition</Text-field></Title>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi tager en tilf\303\246ldig 4x4-matrix:</Font></Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L4">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A:=RandomMatrix(4);</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Undermatricen der f\303\245s ved at stryge r\303\246kke 1 og s\303\270jle 2 i A er</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
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<Group labelreference="L6">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Minor(A,1,2,output=matrix);</Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L7">
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Underdeterminanten, der f\303\245s ved at tage determinanten af denne matrix er</Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Minor(A,1,2);</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">L\303\246rebogens definition p\303\245 determinanten af A er rekursiv: Den definerer determinanten af en nxn-matrix ud fra kendskabet til determinanter af orden (n-1)x(n-1): </Font></Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L10">
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">add((-1)^(1+i)*A[1,i]*det(Minor(A,1,i,output=matrix)),i=1..4);</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Lad os antage, at vi allerede ved, hvordan 3x3-matricer udregnes (Maple g\303\270r!), s\303\245 f\303\245s determinanten af A til:</Font></Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L12">
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">eval(%,det=Determinant);</Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L13">
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">Eller lidt mere direkte:</Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L14">
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">add((-1)^(1+i)*A[1,i]*Minor(A,1,i),i=1..4);</Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L15">
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<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Og helt direkte f\303\245s determinanten i Maple simpelthen s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(A);</Text-field>
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<Group labelreference="L17">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4"></Text-field>
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<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle6" layout="_pstyle6"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Determinanten og tilladelige r\303\246kkeoperationer</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L18">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L19">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L20">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A1:=RowOperation(A,[2,1],-A[2,1]/A[1,1]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L21">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(A1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L22">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A2:=RowOperation(A1,[3,1],-A[3,1]/A[1,1]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L23">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(A2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L24">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A3:=RowOperation(A2,[4,1],-A[4,1]/A[1,1]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L25">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(A3);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L26">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eller alle 3 operationer p\303\245 \303\251n gang:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L27">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Pivot(A,1,1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L28">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L29">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">GaussianElimination(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L30">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Forudsat, at ingen r\303\246kkeombytninger var n\303\270dvendige, vil determinanten v\303\246re uforandret. Ellers kan fortegnet v\303\246re skiftet:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L31">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L32">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Fortegnet af determinanten \303\246ndres ved en r\303\246kkeombytning:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L33">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">RowOperation(A,[2,3]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L34">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L35">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Determinanten bliver k gange st\303\270rre, hvis en r\303\246kke ganges med k:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L36">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">RowOperation(A,3,k);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L37">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L38">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L39">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle5" layout="_pstyle5"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Egenv\303\246rdier og egenvektorer</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle6" layout="_pstyle6"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eksempel 1 (matrix med p\303\246ne egenv\303\246rdier)</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L40">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Lad matricen A v\303\246re givet ved</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L41">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A:=Matrix([[7,54,36],[8,-24,-3],[-20,90,23]]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L42">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">Det karakteristiske polynomium for matricen </Font><Font style="_cstyle7">A</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> kan bestemmes ved kommandoen</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L43">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Determinant(A-ScalarMultiply(IdentityMatrix(3),lambda));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L44">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Men der findes ogs\303\245 en procedure </Font><Font style="_cstyle8">CharacteristicPolynomial, </Font><Font style="_cstyle3">der direkte giver polynomiet</Font><Font style="_cstyle8"> </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">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</Equation><Font style="_cstyle8"> </Font><Font style="_cstyle3">(proceduren </Font><Font style="_cstyle8">CharacteristicMatrix</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> giver matricen </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Comment" input-equation="">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</Equation><Font style="_cstyle3">) :</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">CharacteristicPolynomial(A,lambda);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L45">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Egenv\303\246rdierne for matricen </Font><Font style="_cstyle7">A</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> er r\303\270dderne i karakterpolynomiet:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L46">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">solve( %=0, lambda);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L47">
<Input>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Egenv\303\246rdierne kan bestemmes direkte ved brug af </Font><Font style="_cstyle8">Eigenvalues</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L48">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Eigenvalues(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L49">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Egenv\303\246rdier og egenvektorer bestemmes p\303\245 \303\251n gang ved brug af </Font><Font style="_cstyle8">Eigenvectors</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">. Output er en f\303\270lge best\303\245ende af en vektor indholdende egenv\303\246rdierne og en matrix, hvis s\303\270jler er egenvektorer h\303\270rende til egenv\303\246rdierne og angivet i samme r\303\246kkef\303\270lge:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L50">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Eigenvectors(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L51">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">N\303\245r output som her er en f\303\270lge (h\303\251r af l\303\246ngde 2), kan man lave flere tilordninger p\303\245 \303\251n gang, her 2:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L52">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">ev,P:=Eigenvectors(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L53">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">Hermed har <Font italic="true">ev</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> f\303\245et tilordnet vektoren af egenvv\303\246rdier og </Font><Font italic="true">P</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> er tilordnet matricen, hvis s\303\270jler er egenvektorer:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"> </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L54">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">ev;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L55">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">P;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L56">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">En enkelt af egenvektorerne (eksempelvis nr. 2) kan plukkes ud fra P s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L57">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Column(P,2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L58">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Kontrol af at egenvektorerne virkelig er egenvektorer kan g\303\270res p\303\245 forskellig m\303\245de:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L59">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A.Column(P,1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L60">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Som vi ser, er dette ev[1] gange f\303\270rste s\303\270jle i </Font><Font italic="true">P</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">. Dette kan selvf\303\270lgelig g\303\270res direkte:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L61">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A.Column(P,1)-ev[1]*Column(P,1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L62">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">eller s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L63">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">(A-ev[1]*IdentityMatrix(3)).Column(P,1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L64">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Her er IdentityMatrix(3) dog un\303\270dvendig, s\303\245 f\303\270lgende virker ogs\303\245:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L65">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">(A-ev[1]).Column(P,1);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L66">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Kontrol af de 2 andre s\303\270jler kan foretages p\303\245 samme m\303\245de. Hele kontrollen kan laves p\303\245 en gang s\303\245ledes:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L67">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">seq( (A-ev[k]).Column(P,k), k=1..3);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L68">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">En sidste version:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L69">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A.P-P.DiagonalMatrix(ev);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L70">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L71">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">Matricen A ovenfor er diagonaliserbar. P er en diagonaliserende matrix.</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L72">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle6" layout="_pstyle6"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Eksempel 2 (matrix med &quot;grimme&quot; egenv\303\246rdier)</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L73">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Det er ikke normalt at egenv\303\246rdier og egenvektorer for en matrix er p\303\246ne, bortset fra matricer lavet af matematikl\303\246rere.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">Lad os som eksempel betragte matricen</Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L74">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A:=Matrix([[0,1,3,-4],[1,2,-5,1],[3,1,-4,6],[-1,2,-1,1]] );</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L75">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Egenv\303\246rdierne for matricen </Font><Font style="_cstyle7">A</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> kan som i Eksempel 1 beregnes ved brug af </Font><Font style="_cstyle8">Eigenvalues</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">, men svaret fylder meget, s\303\245 efter vi har set hvor dejligt indviklet de ser ud, kan vi erstatte semikolon med et kolon, s\303\245ledes at output ikke vises. Herefter vil vi n\303\270jes med at vise decimalbr\303\270kstiln\303\246rmelserne:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L76">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Eigenvalues(A): </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L77">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">evalf(%); </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L78">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Da de fire egenv\303\246rdier er forskellige, er matricen diagonaliserbar.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"> </Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Alternativt kan man lave en decimalbr\303\270ksversion af matricen f\303\270r man finder dens egenv\303\246rdier. I s\303\245 fald bruger Maple en numerisk metode til bestemmelse af egenv\303\246rdierne. Man skal derfor ikke regne med, at egenv\303\246rdierne kommer i samme r\303\246kkef\303\270lge som f\303\270r: </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L79">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Eigenvalues(evalf(A));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L80">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">(Om sortering efter st\303\270rrelsen af realdelen, se afsnittet nederst).</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3">Vi omdanner decimaltal som -6.2+0.I til -6.2 ved brug af </Font><Font style="_cstyle8">simplify</Font><Font style="_cstyle3">:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L81">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">simplify(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L82">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Egenvektorerne f\303\245s som i Eksempel 1 ved brug af </Font><Font style="_cstyle8">Eigenvectors. </Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">Den giver en f\303\270lge best\303\245ende af en vektor med egenv\303\246rdierne og en matrix, hvis s\303\270jler er egenvektorerne. Vi gemmer de to i henholdsvis </Font><Font style="_cstyle7">w</Font><Font style="_cstyle3"> og </Font><Font style="_cstyle7">P</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8">. Outputtet fylder virkelig meget, s\303\245 det undertrykkes i f\303\270rste omgang:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L83">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">w,P:=Eigenvectors(A): </Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L84">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Decimalbr\303\270ksversionen af w:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L85">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">evalf(w);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L86">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="ParagraphStyle1" layout="_pstyle3"><Font style="_cstyle8">fnormal</Font><Font style="_cstyle3" encoding="UTF-8"> bruges i n\303\246ste linie faktisk kun for at reducere antal viste decimaler, s\303\245 decimalbr\303\270ksversionen af P ikke fylder s\303\245 meget:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L87">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">evalf(P): map(fnormal,%,3);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L88">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Her f\303\270lger de tilsvarende beregninger med udgangspunkt i en decimalbr\303\270ksversion af A. Her bruger Maple en numerisk metode til bestemmelse af egenv\303\246rdier og egenvektorer:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L89">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">fw,fP:=Eigenvectors(evalf(A)):</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L90">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">fw;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L91">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">simplify(fw);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L92">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">map(fnormal,simplify(fP),3);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L93">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8"> I det numeriske tilf\303\246lde s\303\270rger Maple for at egenvektorerne f\303\245r l\303\246ngde 1 (l\303\246ngde = 2-norm):</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst kontrolleres dette udsagn p\303\245 f\303\270rste s\303\270jle i fP:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L94">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Norm(Column(fP,1),2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L95">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Her kontrolleres l\303\246ngderne af alle 4 s\303\270jler:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L96">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">seq(Norm(Column(fP,k),2),k=1..4);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L97">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Ved beregningen af P ovenfor blev ikke brugt en numerisk metode, s\303\245 s\303\270jlel\303\246ngderne er ikke (n\303\270dvendigvis) 1:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L98">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">seq(Norm(Column(evalf(P),k),2),k=1..4);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L99">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="_cstyle6" layout="_pstyle6">Eksempel 3 (en ikke diagonaliserbar matrix)</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L100">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Lad A v\303\246re matricen</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L101">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">A:=Matrix([[12,4,-8],[-13,-2,10],[6,3,-3]]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L102">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Eigenvalues(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L103">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Egenv\303\246rdien 2 har alts\303\245 algebraisk multiplicitet 2.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Den geometriske multiplicitet fremg\303\245r af </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L104">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">Eigenvectors(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L105">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">hvor vi ser, at en af s\303\270jlerne best\303\245r af lutter nuller. Dette betyder, at den geometriske multiplicitet af egenv\303\246rdien 2 kun er 1. Alts\303\245 er A ikke diagonaliserbar.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3">Lidt mere direkte ser vi det samme ved at finde</Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L106">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="_cstyle4" layout="_pstyle4">NullSpace( A-2 );</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L107">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L108">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Nulrummet for A-2I er alts\303\245 \303\251ndimensional, s\303\245 den geometriske multiplicitet af egenv\303\246rdien 2 er 1.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Man kan ogs\303\245 benytte f\303\270lgende version, der giver en liste for hver egenv\303\246rdi indeholdende egenv\303\246rdien, dens algebraiske multiplicitet og en basis for egenrummet:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L126" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">Eigenvectors(A,output=list);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="true" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Sortering af output fra Eigenvectors</Text-field></Title>
<Group labelreference="L110" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Man kan \303\270nske at sortere output fra Eigenvectors efter st\303\270rrelsen af egenv\303\246rdiernes realdele.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Her f\303\270lger en simpel procedure, der kan bruges p\303\245 matricer med numeriske elementer (ingen variable). </Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Proceduren sammenligner decimalbr\303\270kstiln\303\246rmelser.</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L111" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">EigenSort:=proc(ev::Vector,P::Matrix) local n,EV,SEV,L;
uses LinearAlgebra;
n:=Dimension(ev);
EV:=convert(&lt;ev|&lt;seq(i,i=1..n)&gt;&gt;,listlist);
try
SEV:=sort(EV,(s,t)-&gt;evalb(evalf(Re(s[1]))&lt;evalf(Re(t[1]))));
catch:
error cat(procname,&quot; kan ikke sortere det givne input&quot;);
end try;
L:=map2(op,2,SEV);
&lt;seq(ev[L[i]],i=1..n)&gt;,Matrix([seq(Column(P,L[i]),i=1..n)]);
end proc:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L112" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vi afpr\303\270ver proceduren p\303\245 et par matricer.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">F\303\270rst matricen fra Eksempel 1:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L113" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">A:=Matrix([[7,54,36],[8,-24,-3],[-20,90,23]]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L114" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">Eigenvectors(A);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L115" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">EigenSort(%);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L116" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Dern\303\246st matricen fra Eksempel 2:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L117" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">A:=Matrix([[0,1,3,-4],[1,2,-5,1],[3,1,-4,6],[-1,2,-1,1]] );</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L118" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">evalf(EigenSort(Eigenvectors(A)));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L119" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Og matricen fra Eksempel 3:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L120" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">A:=Matrix([[12,4,-8],[-13,-2,10],[6,3,-3]]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L121" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">EigenSort(Eigenvectors(A));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L122" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">EigenSort er ikke lavet til at h\303\245ndtere matricer med variable:</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L123" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">A:=Matrix([[12,4,-8],[-13,-2,10],[6,a,-3]]);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L124" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">EigenSort(Eigenvectors(A));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L125" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Group labelreference="L109">
<Input>
<Text-field style="_cstyle3" layout="_pstyle3"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Text-field style="_pstyle7" layout="_pstyle7"></Text-field>
<Text-field superscript="false" placeholder="false" executable="false" selection-placeholder="false" italic="false" size="12" bold="false" subscript="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" underline="false" background="[255,255,255]" readonly="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" alignment="left" firstindent="0" spacebelow="0" leftmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" initial="0" linebreak="space" rightmargin="0" bulletsuffix="" spaceabove="0" bullet="none" pagebreak-before="false"></Text-field>
</Worksheet>